Now we move on to the main part of the episode, to our main topic.
Who is Leo Tolstoy?Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy was born in 1828 into a noble family. He was a count — a very high noble title. His mother came from the family of the Volkonsky princes, who traced their history back to the Rurikids — the ancient dynasty of Russian rulers. The Rurikid dynasty ruled from the 9th to the 16th century.
Interestingly, Tolstoy was also a distant relative of Alexander Pushkin: their great-grandmothers were sisters. Imagine: two geniuses of Russian literature were relatives — Tolstoy and Pushkin!
Tolstoy lived on the estate Yasnaya Polyana. This place is located in the Tula region, about 200 kilometers south of Moscow. Today it is a museum-reserve, where tourists from all over the world come.
Military experienceIn his youth, Tolstoy entered military service. He took part in the Crimean War against a coalition of European countries. In the war, Tolstoy saw death, blood, and human suffering. This greatly influenced his worldview. Worldview is how a person sees and perceives the world around them. He began to think about the meaning of life and why people kill each other.
Tolstoy and languagesTolstoy was a true polyglot — a person who knows many languages. He spoke Russian, French, English, and German fluently. In total, he knew about 10 languages: he read in Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, Czech, Polish, and Bulgarian.
His most famous worksTolstoy wrote two of the most famous novels in Russian literature — "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina."
"War and Peace" is a novel with more than 500 characters. It describes the events of the early 19th century — Russia's wars with Napoleon. Napoleon was the French emperor. Tolstoy worked on this novel for about six years.
"Anna Karenina" is a novel about a woman who leaves her husband and child for love. She loved another man. This story ends tragically. Anna jumps in front of a train.
Both novels have been translated into dozens of languages and adapted into films many times around the world. "Adapted into film" means a film was made based on the book.
Tolstoy and the Nobel PrizeTolstoy could have received the Nobel Prize! He was nominated five years in a row — from 1902 to 1906.
But Tolstoy did not want this prize. When he found out he had been nominated, he asked his friends to make sure he was not awarded the prize (that is, so that he would not win). Why? He believed that money only brings evil.
Strange lifestyleTolstoy was a count, but he did not like noble life. At the end of his life, he dressed like a simple peasant — he wore a coarse shirt (a long shirt), simple boots, and walked without a head covering. A head covering is what you put on your head, for example, a hat. Boots are a type of leather footwear.
He was fond of physical labor. He sewed boots and gave them to friends and family. He walked three times from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana — a distance of about 200 kilometers. He worked in the fields together with peasants. He plowed the land — that is, he worked on the land like a peasant. He wanted to prove that physical labor is just as important as mental labor.
Conflict with the churchTolstoy created his own religious teaching — Tolstoyism. He criticized the official church and its rituals. Rituals are actions, ceremonies, events. He believed that the main thing is morality, not rituals. Morality is a person's personal rules about good and evil. It is like a compass inside you. When you act according to morality, you do it because you think it's right, not because someone forced you. Tolstoy contrasted his understanding of Christ's teaching with the official Russian Orthodox Church, emphasizing the principles of non-violence, love, and simplicity of life.
For this, the church excommunicated him. Excommunication from the church is when the church officially declares that a person is no longer a member of the church. This means that the person cannot participate in church rituals. Tolstoy was not afraid of this.
Leaving homeAt the age of 82, Tolstoy decided to leave home. He could no longer live with his wife in the luxurious (expensive) estate. He wanted to die in simplicity.
He left at night, secretly. He got on a train and went south. But on the way, he fell ill. He stopped at a small station. There he died.
Tolstoy was buried on his estate, Yasnaya Polyana.
Tolstoy's graveTolstoy's grave is not like other graves. There is no cross on it — because Tolstoy was excommunicated from the church. There is no monument on it — because Tolstoy did not want a monument. It looks simple: a small earthen mound, overgrown with grass.
Today there is nothing extra on Tolstoy's grave. Only earth, grass, and forest around.
The film "War and Peace"Tolstoy's works have been adapted into films hundreds of times around the world. The most famous Soviet adaptation is "War and Peace" (1967). The film was made over six years. 120,000 extras (people) took part in the mass scenes. The film entered the Guinness Book of Records.
This film won an Oscar in 1969 as the best foreign film.
Personal storyLike all Russian schoolchildren, I studied Tolstoy at school. In 10th grade, we read "War and Peace." It was a huge novel in four volumes.
The book seemed very difficult to me. Tolstoy has long sentences, many characters (heroes), and many philosophical reflections.
But I watched the film "War and Peace" with great pleasure. It was beautiful, grand, and understandable.
I read "Anna Karenina" already in adulthood, at the age of 44. The novel turned out to be not at all difficult. It turned out to be very human. Simple and deep at the same time.
I liked Tolstoy's works.
ConclusionToday we learned:
- That Leo Tolstoy was a count, but at the end of his life dressed like a peasant.
- That he knew about 10 languages.
- That he wanted to live simply and refused the Nobel Prize.
- That he fell out with the church and was excommunicated.
- That his grave looks like a simple earthen mound without a cross or monument.
Friends, let's repeat the new words: nobleman, count, servants, peasant, grave, great-grandmother, volume, dynasty.